I formatted the drive on my Ubuntu laptop. It works fine when connected to the laptop.
I’ll format a USB drive and write some files to it and see if I can reproduce.
I installed btrfs-progs on Vero V:
root@osmc:/home/osmc# apt-get update && apt-get install btrfs-progs
Get:1 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease [116 kB]
Get:2 https://security.debian.org bullseye-security InRelease [48.4 kB]
Get:4 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease [44.1 kB]
Get:3 https://ftp.fau.de/osmc/osmc/apt bullseye InRelease [4683 B]
Get:5 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main armhf Packages [7842 kB]
Get:6 https://security.debian.org bullseye-security/main armhf Packages [275 kB]
Get:7 https://security.debian.org bullseye-security/main arm64 Packages [274 kB]
Get:8 https://security.debian.org bullseye-security/main Translation-en [178 kB]
Get:9 https://security.debian.org bullseye-security/non-free Translation-en [472 B]
Get:10 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main arm64 Packages [7957 kB]
Get:11 https://ftp.fau.de/osmc/osmc/apt bullseye/main armhf Packages [32.4 kB]
Get:12 https://ftp.fau.de/osmc/osmc/apt bullseye/main arm64 Packages [39.2 kB]
Get:13 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main Translation-en [6236 kB]
Get:14 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/contrib armhf Packages [40.1 kB]
Get:15 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/contrib arm64 Packages [40.8 kB]
Get:16 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/contrib Translation-en [46.9 kB]
Get:17 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/non-free arm64 Packages [72.3 kB]
Get:18 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/non-free armhf Packages [56.0 kB]
Get:19 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/non-free Translation-en [92.2 kB]
Get:20 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates/main arm64 Packages [16.3 kB]
Get:21 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates/main armhf Packages [16.3 kB]
Get:22 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates/main Translation-en [10.9 kB]
Fetched 22.0 MB in 10s (2132 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Suggested packages:
duperemove
The following NEW packages will be installed:
btrfs-progs
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
Need to get 656 kB of archives.
After this operation, 3316 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main armhf btrfs-progs armhf 5.10.1-2 [656 kB]
Fetched 656 kB in 0s (2605 kB/s)
Made a filesystem with attached media:
root@osmc:/home/osmc# mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda1 -f
btrfs-progs v5.10.1
See http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for more information.
Label: (null)
UUID: 09bbe1b6-e116-4270-a5a1-b4a8d496a91a
Node size: 16384
Sector size: 4096
Filesystem size: 316.00MiB
Block group profiles:
Data: single 8.00MiB
Metadata: DUP 32.00MiB
System: DUP 8.00MiB
SSD detected: no
Incompat features: extref, skinny-metadata
Runtime features:
Checksum: crc32c
Number of devices: 1
Devices:
ID SIZE PATH
1 316.00MiB /dev/sda1
Writing to the drive and filesystem seems fine:
root@osmc:/home/osmc# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/testfile bs=1M count=128 conv=fdatasync
128+0 records in
128+0 records out
134217728 bytes (134 MB, 128 MiB) copied, 6.96191 s, 19.3 MB/s
Your btrfs-progs seems quite old. Which version of Ubuntu are you using? Have you tried formatting the drive on the Vero V?