I had a similar issue on a Pi 3B: init screen is shown, but then all black; same error messages in the log; working ssh access.
My guess is that when the problem arises, HDMI is broken until next reboot. Currently, the problem is fixed for me (fingers crossed). What I did and reverted:
- Connect the Pi with a different HDMI cable directly to the TV (bypassing the AVR).
What I did and is still in effect:
- Remove an unused USB device
- Add
config_hdmi_boost=4
to/boot/config-user.txt